Qualitative Research For Social Sciences - 2216 Words

Alysha Angrilli: Seminar 1 1 Qualitative Research for Social Sciences Introduction Qualitative research is the study of how people make sense of things. According to Berg and Lune (2012), qualitative researchers aim to investigate the qualities of experiences that people have, while gathering an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons behind it. In other words, qualitative researchers examine the underlying meanings, patterns, and relationships of social phenomena in order to describe people’s experiences and perceptions. Furthermore, there are†¦show more content†¦An example of inductive reasoning is demonstrated through McNamara, Vaantaja, Dunseith and Franklin’s study (2014) on recess programs in four low socioeconomic status Southern Ontario schools. In this study, the researchers aimed to explore how recess influences children’s interactions and developmental pathways. They implemented recess programs to suit the needs and interests of children by providing them with sports equipment as well as many other options for the children to choose from. Researchers applied recess coordinator positions, which required university students to volunteer their time to guide students during recess. In addition, they implemented a Junior Recess leaders program where students from fifth to eighth grade were trained to assist children in conflict resolution, encourage meaningful play and assist with equipment management. The researchers explored the students, administrators, teachers and volunteers’ personal opinions on the recess program and their findings suggest that recess program provide a supportive environment for the students. Furthermore, they were able to connect and engage in positive experiences on the playground which lead to increased feelings of safety and acceptance (McNamara et al., 2014). The researchers used inductive reasoning by implementing the recess programs, detectingShow MoreRelatedThe Definition Of Science And Research Methods1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of scienceRead MoreA Research On Studying And Learning And Knowledge Obtained From Constant Education870 Words   |  4 PagesResearch is a goal an individual aims to discover, learn, observe, and ultimately write about. It is a practice of pursuing the process of discovering knowledge on a specific topic. I once told someone what I find to be intriguing to me and they also told me what they unearth to be fascinating. They appear to have squandered too much time on the issue, but, I was young then and seem to be new to his universe of knowledge. Their advice was doing a research in order to uncover everything aboutRead MoreDifferent From Peile ( 1988 ) And Reid1245 Words   |  5 PagesDifferent from Peile (1988) and Reid (1994), Haworth (1991) proposed that social work research should move to a more relativistic , interactive, consciousness based paradigm. Although he called this paradigm as â€Å"the New Paradigm†, it is very similar to the constructivism paradigm. He provided some evidence of several negative connotations that are attributed to the positivist paradigm, such as operationalism, reductionism. For example, the quantitative inquiry can only manipulate or control for limitedRead MoreQuantitative Qualitative Research Essays1552 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be comparing and contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative research methods, discussing the Epistemology, methodology, and the varying techniques each method uses. The essay will also take a brief look at the Ethical considerations of research using relevant psychology examples. Here, when considering the epistemology behind both research methods, we must see it in terms of our essential philosophy of ideas and concepts and the ways in which it can be shaped (Pidgeon amp; HenwoodRead More Quantitative Resea rch Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesQuantitative Research Quantitative research is based on statements such as anything that exists exists in a certain quantity and can be measured. While Thorndike’s statement from 1904 appears to be fairly innocent and direct, it staked an important philosophical position that has persisted in social science research throughout most to this century. (Custer, 1996, p. 3). In 1927, William F. Ogburn successfully lobbied to have Lord Kelvin’s motto: When you cannot measure, your knowledgeRead MoreQuantitative Methods Have Their Strengths and Weaknesses. Discuss.1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmethods, like all social research methods, have their own set of strengths and weaknesses. This essay will attempt to critically assess those characteristics and draw a comparison between quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The quantitative versus qualitative debate is an interesting topic in Sociological studies. In Miles and Hubermans 1994 book Qualitative Data Analysis, quantitative researcher Fred Kerlinger is quoted as saying, Theres no such thing as qualitative data. EverythingRead MoreIn Defense of Qualitative Research Methods1591 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC: Qualitative research is often said to be without structure, process and rigor. Discuss. NAME: Jepter Lorde SUBJECT: Qualitative Research Methods ABSTRACT The continued academic tension between qualitative and quantitative inquiry has continued unabated. Scholarship since the 1980s, to redefine both paradigms, attempt to bring balance and importance of the respective contribution of both research processes. This has resulted in an interesting shift for â€Å"ensuring structure, process and rigor†Read MoreReasons For Social Science Research Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesREASONS WHY SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHERS PREFER TO USE QUANTITATIVE METHODS. Introduction: The main purpose of this article is to introduce some important fundamental concepts of quantitative research to readers, especially social science researchers. It comprises types of research, definitions of quantitative research, different types and assumptions of quantitative research, when to use and not to use quantitative methods, advantages, common approaches and samples of quantitative research, and commonRead MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research1675 Words   |  7 Pages Qualitative research and Quantitative research Qualitative research Defilation Qualitative research is a method used in different academic disciplines, generally in social science, but also in research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to attain detailed understanding of human behavior rand the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smallerRead MoreThe Psyc 255 Course At Liberty University916 Words   |  4 Pagestechniques used for research and investigation of data in the behavioral science field. The eight week course itinerary is filled with assignments that direct the student toward a path that is filled with collective psychological research approaches and design methods. It offers fundamental familiarity about the American Psychologist Association (herewith called APA) ethical and legal requirements. Plus it directs a student toward comparing the APA’s standard methods used for the research theory process

The Crime Of Max Butler - 1090 Words

Max Butler has been in and out of trouble since his freshman year of college. His first computer related trouble that he got into, for pirating software, was settled out of court, and ended up with Max becoming an informant, or white hat, with the FBI. His arrest in 2007 was a result of years of committing cybercrimes which finally caught up to him as he was running the carder’s website called Carder’s Market. Just some of the crimes that Max was involved in were things such as unauthorized access to computers and networks, stealing credit card numbers, printing counterfeit credit cards and licenses, and selling credit card magstrip data. Max was running the carder website, Carder’s Market, under the alias Iceman while still participating in the other crimes under the name Digits. He believed that running the website wasn’t illegal, and wanted to differentiate between his running the site and participating in the crimes. Max didn’t have much trouble justifying the credit card fraud he was committing against the banks. He felt the lenders were incredibly greedy and unethical. He took solace in knowing that the consumers were only ever responsible for up to $50 of the total crime. As detailed in Chapter 12, Max decided to use a Bifrost Trojan horse program, that he tested against many different anti-malware programs to alter it to be able to avoid detection, to gain access to the other carders’ computers. He sent an email to the other carders, from the website Carder’sShow MoreRelatedBlack Males In America Often Suffer The Consequences Of1318 Words   |  6 PagesNative Son, in addition to having to pay for his heinous crime, Bigger is set with the downfall of being black. Max tells Bigger, â€Å"Your being black, as I told you before, makes it easy for them to single you out. Why do they do that?...They do that to black people more than others because they say that black people are inferior.† (Wright 326). Bigger’s decision was absolutely horrendous and the fact he was black lead him to no possible escape. Max describes to Bigger how whites place most of their discriminationRead More Native Son Essay: Bigger as a Reflection of Society1433 Words   |  6 Pagespeople to meld into the society that is the city, while Bigger must stand at the outside of that community alternately marvelling and hating the compromises of those within. Bigger is alone; he is isolated from every facet of human affection. Max tells the court that Bigger cannot kill because he himself is dead, and a person without empathy or sympathy, without the deep, steadying love of family or faith in anything. When he lashes out in violence it is in a way a search for what hurt him;Read MoreSunset Boulevard, directed by Billy Wilder1021 Words   |  5 Pagescramped-looking rooms. To add to the dark appearance, the lighting included heavy use of chiaroscuro, a style that is characterized by a dark environment with single-source, high contrast lighting on the subject. While many film noirs fall into the crime genre, as well as detective, there are some exceptions, such as the drama/black comedy Sunset Boulevard. Despite it’s setting and characters being a bit unconventional for the Film Noir style (the film was a fairly realistic account of what goes onRead MoreComputer Memory Hacking Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesleft in hibernation, slee p mode or not switched off at all. The technological advancements of the world today has created many avenues for more advanced and cutting edge innovations. However this has made us vulnerable to hacking and loss of data. Max Butler was prosecuted in 2000 for hacking into government systems using the Denial of Service (DNS) tool. He was ‘supposedly’ a hacker working for the FBI as an informant. He broke into thousands of government computers. At first it seemed as if he wasRead MoreBiological Criminal Behavior Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesAngela Yates Ceretha Butler, Angela De Libero, Tameka James, Sam Price, Michael Palazuelos CJA/314 5/20/2013 Professor Judy Mazzucca Biological Criminal Behavior Through-out history criminal intents have escalade from small crime to federal crimes seen in cases today. Research have proven genes influence the outcome of a behavior in a criminal behavior and the type of attach committed to his or her victim. This crimes are taught in the school of crime into five different stepsRead MoreBrief History of Prostitution3302 Words   |  14 PagesBrief history of prostitution Note by the author This document owes a lot to Max Chaleil’s work. His book, ‘Le corps prostituà © : le sexe dà ©vorant’ is the main reference of this file. This historical summary will mainly concern France, even though there are a few comparisons with the situation of prostitution in other countries. 1. The Beginnings : Sexual hospitality and sacred prostitution It is not so sure that prostitution is the oldest trade in the world; the Europeans admitted to it during theRead More Comparing the Theme of Self-Discovery in Demian and Siddhartha2415 Words   |  10 Pagesexperience, the mentors do not reveal all of the secrets to life.   In Demian, Max is a mentor who   helps Sinclair explore the dark side.   Max is a mortal being but he is shown as an eternal entity.   His experience in life is evident in his words to Sinclair, Examine a man closely enough and youll soon know more about him than he does himself. (Hesse, Demian, 1989, p.54)   At the beginning, Max liberates Sinclair from potential ruin and later helps him to explore new possibilitiesRead MoreWolf of Wall Street3170 Words   |  13 Pagesthus dubbed him as the â€Å"Wolf of Wall Street†. * Jordan’s father Mad Max works for him in keeping his accounts. * Jordan was at first upset about being called the â€Å"Wolf on Wall Street† until his wife Teresa stated that at least it was publicity. * Donnie initially tries to stop Jordan from cheating on his wife Teresa with Naomi. * Jordan moves Naomi into his apartment and proposes. * Naomi hires a gay butler who stole $20,000 from his sock drawer. * Jordan has his bachelor partyRead More A Marxist Reading of Native Son Essay4809 Words   |  20 Pagesanimals would be: instinctive and survival based. When faced with danger, Bigger lashes out just as an animal would. Trapped in this cage built for him by society and backed into a corner by fear and frustration, Bigger lashes out in a series of violent crimes. Biggers view of the hand of the dominant class ideology is represented in Buckley, who epitomizes the political status quo. The reader first encounters Buckley at the beginning of the novel as Bigger, who has just left his familys one-bedroomRead More The Tempest Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pagesdeprived from foods if they harmed the often pampered house servants.Cotton pickers, sugar cane workers, and other field labors suffered from the shame of lower status and poorer conditions as compared to such generally light-skinned house workers as butlers, coachmen,lackeys, maids, and housekeepers. ( Majors, Billson 98) As we can see it is evident that Cesaire is making a political stand point by this affirmation from another source. In both plays, it is obvious that there is an issue of colonization

Gov’t Paper Free Essays

People each have different personalities that others like and dislike about them. These individuals can be funny or serious; nice or a jerk; a talker or a listener. All this makes up a person and who they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Gov’t Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person’s personality is similar to a news program; sometimes they can be biased and unreliable; other times they are spot-on and trustworthy. Hardball and O’Reilly are both news programs that display their news differently. While both commentators give their opinions on the subjects, Chris Matthews pushes his opinion more than O’Reilly. During times where Matthews has guest speakers, he always tends to argue with the one that does not agree with his opinions; he pushes his ideas into his opponents’ head, not letting them express their thoughts. Even though he refuses to let one’s opinions out, Matthews allows the other, who agrees with him, to talk. In other words, he is hard-headed and believes his opinion is right. On one occasion, Jonathan Alters, gave his opinion about how the Republicans are attempting to woo the Latinos’ votes, Matthews shuts him up by talking over him, basically yelling. Alters looks as if he was about to burst into tears. On the other hand, O’Reilly tends to ask for his guest speakers’ view first, then adding his own. He actually allows them to finish their views, seeing their points out, instead of cutting them off. O’Reilly and Chris Matthews both have different perspectives in the topics that were discussed. O’Reilly leans towards the liberal side, while Matthews is a conservative. For example, O’Reilly notices how everything is based on race, and believes no one should be judged by that. However, it seems that Matthews only wants the Republicans to focus their targets on the white people and not Latinos. In one specific topic that both commentators discussed, the Zimmerman trial, it seems each were on one or the other sides. Chris Matthews argues that Zimmerman acted on self-defense, while O’Reilly gave both sides, but showed sympathy towards Trayvon Martin’s family. O’Reilly has more facts, making it seem like his show was a news’ show, while Hardball with Chris Matthews is all about argumentative opinions. O’Reilly adds statistics to show subjects and backs each topic with facts. For example, there was a segment about the Arizona forest fire that killed nineteen firefighters. O’Reilly gave facts like how the firefighter had contacted the headquarters, saying that they are using their heat shelters, which was the last resort. Then O’Reilly explains what these heat shelters are, a foil-like blanket that can protect the firefighters from the heat for a certain amount of time. Unlike O’Reilly, Matthews did not give facts, only his own opinions. During the Zimmerman trial segment, he only showed Mark Osterman taking the stand to defend his best friend. He then argues with the guest defense attorney, when she was explaining the harm that was inflicted on Zimmerman. It seems that O’Reilly is more genuine and actually cares about the public’s interest. At the end of his show, he had a tip of the day, giving feedback to the audience who sends him e-mails. Hardball had a serious attitude, while O’Reilly had a calm attitude. During Hardball’s segments, there was a lot of tension with the arguments. Also, his introduction had the serious music like it was life or death. In O’Reilly’s introduction, it had funny captions, and in his segments, he had a calm manner. While Chris Matthews attempted to add humor and jokes into his show, it was not understood. He used a blue cow reference, but some people do not know the meaning of it, so it proved to be ineffective to draw the audience in. However, in O’Reilly’s segments, the humor and jokes had a positive impact. After a serious discussion about the Zimmerman trial, to lighten the tension, Megyn Kelly and O’Reilly joked around. Megyn Kelly had given him a chocolate bar as her way of buying dinner. Then she explains that she is going on maternity leave until the fall, but O’Reilly jokingly said she won’t be back until next year. Both persons continue to banter back and forth, while the camera crew laughed in the background. This was of course not planned, making it actually humorous. There has been significant issues about race in political topics. In Fremont, Nebraska, the townspeople are frustrated with the undocumented immigrants obtaining jobs in the town. Since Fremont is a meat packaging town, these townspeople need the jobs that the immigrants are taking. These illegal immigrants are sending money back to their home country to their families, so Fremont does not profit from this. In an attempt to stop this, he townspeople want to banned the undocumented individuals from renting apartments and houses without proper documentations. According to U. S. District Judge Laurie Smith Camp, it is a discrimination to deny housing permits to those who were not in the country legally and it interferes with federal laws. However, the town counters back with a policy that requires businesses to use the federal E-ve rify software to check on the employees. Another topic discussed was how Republicans were trying to win the Latin American voters. The Republicans think that if they talk about the immigration reforms they will gain more voters. However, it was stated that no matter what, Latinos will most likely vote for Democrats even if immigration reforms were discussed by the Republicans. The most important topic discussed was the Zimmerman trial. When this first happened, people across the country defended Trayvon Martin, thinking that he was targeted for being a colored person and looking suspicious by wearing a black hoodie at night. Zimmerman was on the night watch around his neighborhood when these two ran into each other. A fight broke out, leading to Zimmerman pulling and shooting the gun at Martin. Zimmerman pled that he was acting in self-defense. All over the country, people even news station wanted Zimmerman to plead guilty to avoid race riots to occur. Nowadays, news delivery is on the decline of being trustworthy. Reporters, journalists, and those who deliver the news to the public now will spin the news to fit what the audience wants or to fit their own opinion. These people can twist a person’s opinion just by intensifying the language and speech. The audience will then notice, â€Å"Hey, they are using powerful words; this makes them sound smart so therefore correct. If the newscasters exude confidence and seem to â€Å"know what they are talking about†, they will have more followers. The public tends not to look for the credibility of the sources or even the sources themselves to see if they are reliable. Instead, the public will definitely look for superficial materials like the appearance of the person delivering the news, how the program looks, or if other people like it. If someone were to wear casual clothes, their credibility increases; also if the newscaster was attractive, people tend to listen to them. For example, people tune in to Anderson Cooper on CNN and practically worship the ground he walks, just because of his appearance. If the delivery of the news looks not well done, not all people will want to read or view it. People want professional, not something that someone can program in five minutes. An individual will also tend to get advice from their peers as to what to read or watch. For example, if a person trashed a news station to his or her friend, the friend will not want to get information from that news station. With that being said, nowadays, people judge the book by its cover and not by the information provided. Most news station are affiliated with a political party. For example Fox News, when taking politics will favor the Republican view while MNSBC will favor the Democratic view. With that being said, each will attract a different group of people who agree with that the news station has to say. This makes the shows heavily biased. What I’ve learned through these research sources, is that there are still racial conflicts throughout the United States. Watching the two news program, Hardball and O’Reilly, each segment had something to do with race and ethnics. Latinos are especially targeted, whether it is to win their votes or to get them out of â€Å"American† jobs. Even though, today there are still some segregation in the communities, people will band together to defend someone of different skin color. What I do not get is that if people will defend Trayvon Martin and not know what actually happened, why can’t they support the Latin Americans coming into America in search of an opportunity? I think people are just on the bandwagon. They think that supporting Trayvon Martin will make them look like the good guys, but in reality it just makes them look ignorant and stupid. I also learned that each news program is affiliated with a political party, making them biased and untrustworthy because they only address one side of the story. I know that they are just doing that to gain viewers, but if they just address both sides, there will be more educated people and not opinionated. I think the audience should also be aware of what is happening in our country right now. After watching these two shows, I am more aware of these topics. I never paid attention to the political topics and did not know how the Republicans were trying to woo the Latin American voters. My opinions on the two shows differ from each other. I absolutely could not stand watching Hardball. I think Chris Matthews is a hard-headed jerk. He does not think the other opinions matter but his. He yells at his guests when he is talking to them. I could not wait for it to end, and I nearly celebrated when it was over. On the other hand, I was more interested in O’Reilly just by how he represented the topics. He did it in a formally fashioned way; it felt like a conversation with some debates. I actually paid closer attention because of the humor and learned a few things along in the show. I felt that O’Reilly actually cared about the subjects because he gives both sides to the story. Both Hardball and O’Reilly display their information differently. These news shows are like a person’s personality; they express emotions and thoughts. Each individual has a different personality that makes them who they are. A personality can make someone like or dislike an individual. How to cite Gov’t Paper, Papers

Taxation Law Capital Gains and Losses

Question Discuss about theTaxation Lawfor Capital Gains and Losses. Answer: Introduction Part 1 of the Task Calculation of Freds net capital gain for the current year, assuming that he has got net capital loss from the previous year of $ 10, 000 arising from sale of shares This paper is about one Fred who is mentioned as a resident who made ascent to a contract in order to sell his home that was built in Blue Mountains at around the month of August the previous year. The sale of the home was completed early this year and the mentioned individual received a total cash of $ 800,000 from the purchaser (Chen 2012). It is also mentioned that a legal fees of $ 1100 that is inclusive of GST was incurred as well as the commission of real estate agent that was equally inclusive of GST at $9,900 in relation to the sale. It is also captured that, at around March 1987, Fred purchased the home that he sold the previous year for $ 100,000 and also offered an additional amount of $ 2,000 in stamp duty on the transfer. Other than the mentioned transactions in the month in context in 1987, there was also $ 1000 that was paid as legal fees to ascertain the homes security from the government. Towards 1990, a builder was engaged by Fred to build a garage within the same home vicinity at $ 20,000. Calculation of Freds net capital gain for the current year, and also assuming that he also incurred a net capital loss from the previous year of $ 10,000 that arose from both sales and shares (Faris 2003) Net capital gain is derived from capital gain, this particular area, is mainly concerned with increase in the value of capital for example, like in the question in context, there is a capital asset of a house of Fred (Kang et al 2010). For us to clearly understand the concept of capital gain, then the value of the capital asset must be of a higher value than the price of purchase. Since the question in context is pegged to net capital loss as well, it is vital for the concept of net capital loss or generally capital loss to be brought on board before any calculation. A capital loss is the sum of money that is incurred when there is depreciation in terms of the value of the capital asset in comparison to an assets purchase value (Karinga 2015). What this means is that, at the time of sale of a particular capital asset, the value to which it is sold or offered in the market is less than the value that was used when the asset in context was being purchased. On the same note, capital gains can be discussed to generally have an association with both funds and stock mainly because of inherent price volatility, just as mentioned previously; its occurrence can be on security that is sold for an amount of money that is higher than the purchase price that was given at the time of purchase (Kierulff et al 2015) Nevertheless, with reference to the lecture notes that we took in class, it is clearly mentioned under the provisions of the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936, section 24 AX, it is clearly mentioned that there are a number of guidelines and procedures to be followed or given considerations when in discussion of the subject (Kubtov 2009). The provision in context goes further to mention that through the concept of net capital gain, there is also the capital gain tax that is supposed to be made on the capital gain that is made on disposal of any asset or capital asset, except in some cases that are also provided for in the provisions under the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936. The widely discussed exception that can be made with regards to the CGT is mainly in that of family home but more details will be explained in the calculation part of the question in discussion. In the occurrence of calculating net capital gain, it is important to put into consideration a number of key points. The first point is on first confirming that the capital assets value is higher than the initial purchase value. For example, the case study in context outlines the value of the capital asset as $ 800,000 which is considered high based on the grounds that the initial purchase of the home of the home was $ 100,000 by March 1987. Another important key point that has to be brought on board is the total capital losses that also include net capital losses from the previous year. The final key consideration that should not be left out is on the CGT discount and any CGT concessions that one is entitled to (Kneeland 2005). Therefore, the total capital gains with regards to the year in context is $ 800,000, this is based on the capital asset. The capital gains of the current year will include subtraction of the legal fees that captured the GST and also the commission that was paid to the real estate agent. The final capital gain for the current year is will be $ 800, 000- ($ 1100+ $ 9,900) = $ 789,000. In the calculation of net capital gain for the current year, we will have to include all the expenses that were incurred and also bringing on board the capital loss. According to the case study in context, all the capital losses will include all the transactions that were done previously. They include the amount at which the capital asset was bought which was $ 100,000 and additional amounts of $ 2,000 which was paid for stamp duty on the transfer and $ 1, 000 legal fees. The mentioned subject also brings on board the expense that was incurred when building the garage (McElhany 2014). The expense estimate is estimated to be $ 20,000. Without the capital loss that was mentioned in the case study, first the deductions that will have to be included are as calculated, $ (100,000 + 2000 + 1000 + 20,000) = $ 123,000. When net capital loss is brought into picture, it can either be added to the previous sum results or we can apply either the CGT discount method or the indexation method to come up with the results (Mundstock 2013). In this case we will apply the CGT discount method which is as explained; Capital proceeds = $ 789,000 Less cost base= $123,000 Capital gain= $666,000 Less capital loss= $ 10,000 Net capital gain= $ 656,000 Part B of Question 1 Whether My Answer Would Show Difference if the Rose that Came Out from the Sale of an Antique Vase If the answer provided in the detailed part of the task above was from antique vase, there would be no difference because this was not going to terminate or affect figures and the provisions that provide for the capital gain and capital loss under ITAA of 1936 (Neumer 2005). Everything will remain constant, it is only the concept that will show slight difference but this cannot affect the overall meaning of the subject and the factual detailed information that has been offered above. Part B of the Task This part is about a case study on Fringe Benefit Tax which is abbreviated as FBT. A propriety Limited Company by the name Periwinkle is described as a bathtub manufacturer which offer sales on bathtubs directly to the public. On early May, the date being 1st 2015 to 31st March, the company in question provided a car to one of his employees. The person who was provided for the car is one Emma. This provision was made to her because she travels often and this was going to offer a relief to her (Ordower 2014). The case goes further to mention that the frequency to which Emma uses the car is not limited and this drives a point of unlimited use of the car. The car was purchased on the same date that was mentioned previously and the purchase price is estimated to be $ 33,000. This also includes the GST value. This second part goes further to outline that for the time period of 1st May 2015 to 31st March 2016, Emma had travelled a distance estimation of 10,000 kilometers with the car and have incurred total expenses of around $ 550 (Ordower 2013). This total also includes the GST just like the amount of money that was spent by the propriety company in purchasing the car. The amount of money mentioned was mainly used to cater for minor repair services that have been reimbursed by the company. A period of 10 days has also been mentioned when Emma was interstate and therefore allowing no use of the car at that time. At that time, the car was parked at the airport for annual repairs and this lasted for a five day period (Schwartz 2010). The case goes further to mention that, on 1st September 2015, Emma was provided with a loan of $ 500,000 by Periwinkle at an interest rate of about 4.4%. A break down on how the loan was spent was, Emma using $ 450,000 to purchase a holiday home and lending the remaining amount to her husband at an interest free rate to also purchase shares in Telstra (irok and Makov 2007). During the same year, there was purchase that was made by Emma where she purchased bathtub manufactured by the company in discussion at $ 1,300 (Smith 2015). Additional information is that the bathtub that was sold to Emma usually cost the company in context $ 700 to manufacture and then they sell it to the general public for $ 2,600. Advice to Periwinkle of its FBT consequences that are arising out of the information mentioned, covering calculations of any FBT liability for the year ending 31st March 2016 FBT is an abbreviation for Fringe Benefit Tax, it is an amount of money that is paid to an employee but not categorized as either salary or wages. The FBT legislations provide that that, this benefit is only provided with respect to employment. The same concept is also supported with the lecture notes offered in class, as some parts are in line with the question and applies directly. Just like the provisions of capital gains and capital loss, FBT is also found in the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1986, and this also captures the provisions of the FBT rate. In consideration that when a company offers an FBT to an employee, it is like a sacrifice on their part, I would offer the following advice. The first advice that I would offer is on the company to consider relieving some of the benefits offered to Emma or adopting certain provisions that will limit how these particular benefits are to be used (Stewart 2000). For example, the car provided to Emma, should majorly be put into use for purposes of duty and nothing else. This will reduce the many expenses that would come out as a result of repair to the propriety company in context. The other advice that I would offer is that, the company should consider selling its product at an equal measure of price. This is because; the bathtub that she purchased from the company was going for a regular price of $ 2,600 after being made by Periwinkle at $ 700. Emma who is an employee of the company ends up buying the bathtub at half the price that it is sold to the general public. The company should exercise equality and not offer certain products at an amount that may make them being categorized under FBT. The final advice in line with the context that I would offer to the company is for the company to consider relieving itself from incurring extra costs. For example, after buying the car to Emma, the company still went ahead to incur expenses of repair. An additional calculation of FBT liability is also added to offer support to the mentioned advices. FBT liability= Amount used for purchasing the car + the amount of repair), the loan offered is also to be included because Emma is entitled to repaying it. Therefore, FBT liability = $ (33,000 + 550) = $ 33550 + $ 500,000. The total amount of FBT liability= $ 533,550 How my answer would differ to (a) if Emma used $ 50, 000 to purchase shares herself instead of lending it to her husband My answer would differ at a great extent because the money lent to Emma to her husband is interest free. Should she use it to purchase shares then there are chances that she is going to earn interest from those particular shares. This will also have an automatic influence on the overall returns of the loan. This will cause the extra amount of money to undergo taxation and thereby increasing FBT liability. References Chen, Y.K., 2012. The Progressivity of the Malaysian Personal Income Tax System. Kajian Malaysia, 30(2), pp.27-43. Faris Jr, E.M., 2003. Capital Gains and Losses Subsequent to Corporate Liquidation. Wash. Lee L. Rev., 10, p.179. Kang, J., Pekkala, T., Polk, C. and Ribeiro, R.M. 2010, Stock prices under pressure: How tax and interest rates drive seasonal variation in expected returns. Karinga, E.N., 2015. The announcement effect of capital gains tax on stock performance at Nairobi securities exchange (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Kierulff, D.B.A., Mike Smith, A.S.A., Ruchaber, J.L., Thompson, J.W. and Jakosa, A., 2015.Quarterly Journal of the Business Valuation Committee of the American Society of Appraisers. Kneeland, H., 2005. The Field of Research in the Economics of the Home. J. HOME ECON., 17, p.15. Kubtov, K., 2009. Optimln zdanĆºnpÃ…â„ ¢ehled dosavadn teorie. ÄŒesk finanÄ n a Ä etn Ä asopis, Praha: Vysok kola eknomick v Praze, Ä , 3, pp.24-35. McElhany, M.L., 2014. World's Fair Photography Rights Protected. Mundstock, G., 2013. Tax Accounting Myths. U. MiAMi BUs. l. rev., 22, p.27. Neumer, S.M., 2005. Section 337" Property". Trading in Stocks during Liquidation: Income Tax: Corporate Distributions. Stanford Law Review, pp.970-976. Ordower, H., 2014. Schedularity in US income taxation and its effect on tax distribution. Ordower, H., 2013. Utopian Visions Toward a Grand Unified Global Income Tax. FlA. tAx rev., 14, p.361.. Schwartz, H.E., 2010. Tax Consequences of Receipt of Other-Than-Cash Consideration Having No Ascertainable Fair Market Value upon Sale or Exchange of a Capital Asset. UCLA L. Rev., 7, p.484. irok, J. and Makov, K., 2007. Theoretical Approaches to Measuring of the Tax progressiveness (with the practical application). In 2007 Labsi International Conference on Political Economy and Public Choice: Theory and Experiments. Smith, M., 2015. Pass-through Entities: A Tax Equivalent Method to Adjust the Cost of Equity. Business Valuation Review, 34(2), pp.57-69. Stewart, G., 2000. The Economics of the Family: A Suggested Course for the Department of Home Economics. J. HOME ECON., 2, pp.209-212.