Working with Children: Child-Centered Practice

The family institution is an important entity in the society that has implication on the future of children and the nation at large. In order to realize the importance of family institution, the parents and their parenting role should be placed at the centre of success strategy. This realization explains why there is an intense national interest in parenting and the associated societal forces influencing parenting such as child care support organizations and inter-professional bodies that enhances an enabling environment to foster children development. Essential bodies that frequently interact with the parents and their children in their upbringing are: the family, friends and neighbours, professionals, voluntary workers or self-help groups such as Playgroups, and formal organisations for children such as Nurseries, Schools, After-School Clubs, children’s homes, hospitals. Developmental Scholars have established that child’s growth and development is shaped by the environment in terms of total interaction between parenting process and societal forces. The critical role played by societal complex forces and institutions that influences parents and early child rearing practices can not be underestimated but can be evaluated to enhance its effectiveness in developing a healthy and all round future generation. Having a child centered practice means providing care for the children from preconception, prenatal and breastfeeding. Therefore, improving a child care network system invokes addressing issues such as breastfeeding, parent’s time with their children, social and economic challenges of parenting and support services for parents in early child rearing process. In this regard, this paper shall analyse and discuss how to improve children’s lives and provide a plan that reflects inter-professional, collaborative approaches to meeting their needs. In order to achieve paper’s objective, an overview of prenatal and preconception, and breastfeeding child care current practices and their necessary remedies shall be suggested. Introduction Parenting is a challenging topic to scholars and as a result it has received much attention in the recent past owing top its importance to the society’s sustainability. This much received attention received is due to knowledge expansion in fields of behavioral, developmental psychology and neurosciences which have emphasised the importance of child’s early years in children’s long term growth and development in areas of behavior, health and long term learning. In this regard, various scholars and institutions have looked at the issue in detail from various perspectives that are determined by factors that influence process of bring up of children by parent-substitutes or parents . Attkisson (1992) report that the nation realizes many benefits by investing in the children’s early intervention programs welfare. However, the issue of children welfare in relation to their development ought to be understood on a wider concept in terms of societal expression of the families and children. Unfortunately, the public polls clearly indicate that 82% of the adults believe that it is difficult to undergo childhood phase than it used to be in the past decades . While on the parental roles and responsibilities borne by parents, statistics show that most parents face hard times that they need help to successfully raise their children. It is evident that both the family and public sectors have heavily invested in the development of children. An estimated $16,030 is allocated to a child annually that translates to about 14. 47 percent of the GDP . This is just a tip of ice burg in resources allocation because it does not include indirect cost such valuation of the time parents spend caring for their children together with the direct out-of-pocket costs like housing, health care and food . On average, the expenditure ration allocation of child care varies greatly between the private and the public sector with respect to earnings distribution . The major section being supported by the government is that of children education and health care . However, before the children enroll in the elementary schools the responsibility of child care and development is carried by the parents. In the past decades, the child development documentation highlights that the early years of a child have an important bearing on the entire human life. Therefore, to improve child care systems requires a clear understanding of the parental behaviours and the contextual factors that affects the parenting at these early years. In this line of thought, this paper shall look at preconception and prenatal care, and breastfeeding as part of having a healthy children parenting. Preconception and Prenatal Care Most early childhood interventions usually target the children from birth up to five years. In contrary, the child’s bright future should start before birth. tates that prenatal and preconception child care are critical as they play key role in preventing: the risk of low birth weight, birth defects and prematurity problems which in normal circumstances are major attributes that lead to high cases of childhood disabilities and infant mortality . For instance, developmental psychologists report that pregnant women who access adequate prenatal care are likely to give birth to right weight infants as opposed to their counterparts that received inadequate prenatal care who report infants with less weight of about 5. 5 pounds . In addition to that, prenatal and preconception care prop up reduction in risk taking behaviours, provide for parental support and education and healthy behaviours. Moreover, Halfon N et al. (2002) reports that effective and adequate preconception and prenatal child care have a positive impact that extends up to adulthood. Therefore, it is important to be included in the preconception and prenatal child care in construction of the childhood care services. The national child care guideline highlight and emphasizes that the preconception and prenatal practices should be considered as integral part of the parenting and parent care incentives. This because the prenatal care involves a process that identify conditions that can hamper successful child bearing or pregnancy like birth defects but there is an intervention that can ameliorated them before a routine preconception care . Prenatal care can be relied on as a good strategy to prevent most recorded birth defects because most pregnant mothers usually start prenatal care before day seventeen and 56 days after their pregnancy, when the foetus is vulnerable to external effects that can result to birth defects . However, the extent of utilization of the preconception and prenatal care by pregnant mothers has been put to question as many pregnant women exposes foetus to risk during and after pregnancy. Evidently, the study of pregnant women between the age of 18 to 45 by (Gilian 1997) showed that 1in 7 women was underweight, 1 in 4 was an overweight, 1 in 5 was a smoker, 1 in 8 engaged in risky sexual behaviours that lead to contaminating STIs or HIV/AIDS infections, 1 in 15 was alcoholic, and 2 in 5 breastfed their infants after being discharged from hospital. Extend of exposure risk among pregnant women exhibits disparities across the population’s social, class and race. The age group disparities in birth rates show that the teenage birth rate is high in Hispanic with 64 births for 1,000, Africans had 48, and white ladies had 14. On the other hand the rate of infant mortality has relatively declined from 7. 9 per 1,000 from 1997 to 5. 9 in 2004 with most cases reported from low income and middle income families. Additionally, low weight births increased significantly by 6 percent with record of very low birth weight infants at 11percent of an equivalent of less than 3. pounds . However, the African born infants in all circumstances were likely to be twice as heavy as white infants. Available Interventions There are a number of programs that pregnant woman can access in order to actualize prenatal and preconception care for the children. These services include: private insurance for reproductive age women, Medicaid and the Comprehen sive Prenatal Services Program (CPSP) that provides for low income women, Access to Infants and Mothers (AIM) provide low cost insurance cover to middle income women and their infants. Additionally, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Block Grants that funds maternity and prenatal care, Adolescent Family Life Program (AFLP) aims at educating teenage parents to minimize their chances of conception while increasing their chances of graduation, Migrant and Community Health centers serves and supplements food for low income mothers and their infants reducing infants deaths by 40 percent . Gaps The research reveals that there are still many gaps alongside barriers within the child care networking system. However, understanding the gaps and barriers is necessary to fill these gaps and lower the barriers in order to foster and promote quality early childhood development. Some of the fundamental gaps in child care are: First, lack of the defined framework for administration, funding and service delivery of prenatal and preconception child care for low income pregnant mothers. Second, the insufficient instructional design for parental education that lacks home and car safety, cognitive development in children, new born immunization needs, infant-parent bonding techniques and normal infant behaviours and needs. Third, there is insufficient or costly smoking cessation education which is unaffordable to low income parents that does not meet their needs . And lastly, there is no sufficient efforts geared towards taming domestic violence against pregnant women as statistics reveal that 4 to 8 percent of pregnant parents are physically abused annually causing deformity, diseases and damage to the foetus . Barriers The barriers that are evident to the prenatal and preconception hinders service utilization and as a result the target populations can not benefit it fully . Some of the barriers includes: low valuation of the prenatal and preconception intervention programs by the service providers and expectant mothers. This attitude is believed to be caused by lack of knowledge for expectant mothers and unaware of program benefits by the services providers. The diversity nature of the population need cultural and linguistic competency to dispense child care services of which the nation lacks. Lastly, there is a barrier in terms of service coordination for prenatal care providers and the closely associated programs. Improving prenatal and preconception care. Based on the gaps and barriers, it gives an opportunity to search for possible measures to improve prenatal and preconception child care. It is appoint of worth to note that, it is difficult to do everything for everyone; but if a few priority areas are identified and addressed, then a small input can yield a tangible returns in early child growth and development. The priority areas which need to be improved on include: promotion of outreach incentives in order to encourage pregnant women which have shown positive impact in the past in terms improved access to child care and birth outcomes. Enhancement of service capacity is requiring so that it can serve any increasing number of pregnant women when they show up after outreach campaigns, promotions and awareness. There is need to invest heavily in parenting education by designing and sustaining parenting classes for parents expecting or those with infants with partnership with local agencies and professional bodies. Smoking and alcohol abuse cessation efforts especially to Africans and teens to minimize that risk of exposing foetus to this external hazard . The government and other stake holders should work hard to design policies that aim at arresting domestic violence against pregnant women by use of group counseling, abused women care and prosecution of criminals. Psychological support is needed at each level through development of the family resource centre to provide the population with psychological support and skills for parents in regard to flexible work schedules against responsibilities, child care and paternity leaves for male spouses to support infant growth and development . Enhancement of the services coordination and integration of the system between the early childhood health systems and the reproductive health by: supporting the local effort to enhance capacity, facilitate service coordination and experiment more on prenatal and preconception care to gain better insight . Moreover, there should be adequate funds allocation for research and evaluation of the program in order to feedback to further improve the services. There is need however, to promote cultural competency in services delivery. Lastly, the programs for prenatal and preconception intervention shall be helpful to the pregnant women if there is an additional investment to the program . However, to reframe the prenatal and preconception phases of child care special attention should be given to aspects such prenatal services as being point of entry for other services, service platform such as administrative platform, partnership between obstetrician and pediatrician and the service providers training and sustainability is key. Breastfeeding After prenatal and preconception care as the child is born, the immediate step is the breastfeeding. Gilian, (1997) notes that breastfeeding is not only an important aspect in the sense that it denotes how organized the family is, but also determines the infants initial nutrition and the feeding . Breastfeeding is perceived today as an old age essential behavior for survival purposes of species, its utilization has declined sharply in present century due to cow’s milk formula availability. As a consequence, breastfeeding have not remain to be an automatic behaviour to be exhibited by lactating mother for the child’s survival, but a choice that depends on the family, health system factor and social factors. It should be noted that many families today are reaching a decision to breastfeed the infant though not easy to arrive at as it involves a complex adaptations and decision. Despite the ups and down of arriving at the decision to breastfeed, there are many long term benefits accrued to breast feeding. In fact, the infants that are breastfed usually experiences less chronic and infectious illnesses and shape optimal child growth and development. Therefore, as medical and social practitioners this is an opportunity to adopt, support and sustain this vital health promoting behavior by addressing barriers such as workplace, social and economic factors that hamper breastfeeding . The challenge that is evident as far as breastfeeding is concerned is the sustainability of breastfeeding after the period of six moths after discharge from the hospital; thus many infants fail to get full benefits resulting from breastfeeding. The challenge of breastfeeding has emerged in early 1940s due to introduction of â€Å"formula† or artificial baby milk replacing mother’s milk. As a result, breastfeeding is no longer valued as universal health source for infant’s nutrition. As a consequence of declined breastfeeding culture, three barriers emerge. These barriers are: Lactation management is no longer a serious priority, few nurses and physicians were trained for care and support of breastfeeding and breastfeeding was not recognized as primary choice for infants feeding. Therefore, the decline resulted to elimination of knowledge base and model for pregnant women to use in supporting or teaching breastfeeding. Evidently, these barriers have to be handled at any cost due to the tangible benefits of breastfeeding. Some of the Developmental and Health benefits of breastfeeding are: mother’s milk is a source of complete nutrition for infant’s hydration and optimal growth during the first six months of life. Breastfeeding reduces infectious illnesses such as botulism, meningitis, otitis media and bacteremia . Additionally, there are reduced chances of chronic illnesses that can affect the infant Crohn’s infection, food allergies, SIDS and bottle tooth decay. Provides the needed 30 percent of calories between 1 and 2 years of growth and development ; Infant improves his or her Intelligent Quotient and performance of the developmental assessments and lastly breast milk reduces infant risk of retinopathy of prematurity. The mother through breastfeeding her infant benefits by keeping off chronic diseases such as ovarian cancer, hip fractures and premenopausal breast cancer. Secondly, the lactating mother can quickly recover from childbirth, high self esteem, minimal risk for parental depression, can rapidly return to pregnancy weight and reduces her risks for hemorrhage. Economically, breastfeeding proves to less expensive and reduces health care expenses because there are healthy children’s. Improving breastfeeding Breastfeeding is an important undertaking vital for human race survival. However, communication issues emerges to be one of the most urgently needed to be addressed as breastfeeding is no longer seen on our local or international media such as radio, internet, TVs, magazines, news papers, journals and posters. The media shall play a key role in changing the public attitude towards this important health support activity for infants . Secondly, there is need to invest in lactation management support and services in child care centers and educate parents sufficiently. And thirdly there is need to Integrate and Coordinate Services, Programs, and Funding in breastfeeding to realize a positive impact. This will help to build and develop a strong child-community centered, comprehensive and integrated child care breastfeeding system that can support almost all families. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper ahs discussed elaborately how to improve child care by looking at the preconception and prenatal. Thereafter, the paper has looked at the immediate phase of breastfeeding which need to be addressed if the nation has to keep the infants healthy and fit as future generation. However, the parenting part remains of impact in terms parent-infant interaction. The research shows that the relationship or interaction between the parents and the infant has positive cognitive, social and emotional development effects. In fostering this, the parents should be guided and counseled in relation to making of conscious choice geared towards caring for children over that for job, mothers to have husband support and that of other family allies, work organization, connecting to other social or agencies providers and need for balancing family obligations with that of job are essentials that facilitate successful parenting at advanced infant years of the child.

Ethics and Pic - 4307 Words

Topic 1 1. The course Business and Society is about a. Nature of work b. Ethical issues c. Sustainability d. Professional life e. All of the above[pic] 2. Which of the following is not considered as a business? a. The Reject Shop b. The local fruit and veggie enterprise c. Southern Region Waste Resource Authority d. Advanced Recycling Technologies [pic] e. Origin Energy 3. Which of the following is not considered as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) a. Greenpeace b. Salvation Army c. Red Cross d. Sea Shepherd Society e. The local Bowling Club [pic] 4. Which of these activities can never be considered to be work? a. Begging b. Playing hockey c. Watching a chess game d. Reading e. None of†¦show more content†¦Max Weber [pic] d. Thomas Aquinas e. Alain de Botton 10. Work would be meaningful only if a. It is real work b. You can see some point to what you are doing c. It can make some sort of difference d. It contributes anything to the lives of others e. All of the above [pic] Topic 3 1. The average number of working hours in developed countries has changed over the past 150 years. It has: a. Doubled b. Increased slightly c. Stayed pretty much the same d. Risen steeply in the last 20 years e. Fallen by about one-half [pic] 2. Who famously said â€Å"One man is naturally fitted for one task, and another for another? a. Aristotle b. Chairman Mao c. Jillet Schor d. Plato [pic] e. John Maynard Keynes 3. On what basis should people be given one job rather than another? a. Based on one’s status in society b. Based on recommendations only c. Based on merit and opportunity [pic] d. Based on quota system e. None of the above 4. The British Factory Act of 1833 required children aged nine to thireen to work a. Not work at all b. 3 hours a day c. 6 hours a day d. 9 hours a day [pic] e. 12 hours a day 5. Who according to anthropologist Marshall Sahlins were the original affluent society? a. The Baby Boomers b. Gen X c. 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Qualitative Research For Social Sciences - 2216 Words

Alysha Angrilli: Seminar 1 1 Qualitative Research for Social Sciences Introduction Qualitative research is the study of how people make sense of things. According to Berg and Lune (2012), qualitative researchers aim to investigate the qualities of experiences that people have, while gathering an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons behind it. In other words, qualitative researchers examine the underlying meanings, patterns, and relationships of social phenomena in order to describe people’s experiences and perceptions. Furthermore, there are†¦show more content†¦An example of inductive reasoning is demonstrated through McNamara, Vaantaja, Dunseith and Franklin’s study (2014) on recess programs in four low socioeconomic status Southern Ontario schools. In this study, the researchers aimed to explore how recess influences children’s interactions and developmental pathways. 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The Crime Of Max Butler - 1090 Words

Max Butler has been in and out of trouble since his freshman year of college. His first computer related trouble that he got into, for pirating software, was settled out of court, and ended up with Max becoming an informant, or white hat, with the FBI. His arrest in 2007 was a result of years of committing cybercrimes which finally caught up to him as he was running the carder’s website called Carder’s Market. Just some of the crimes that Max was involved in were things such as unauthorized access to computers and networks, stealing credit card numbers, printing counterfeit credit cards and licenses, and selling credit card magstrip data. Max was running the carder website, Carder’s Market, under the alias Iceman while still participating in the other crimes under the name Digits. He believed that running the website wasn’t illegal, and wanted to differentiate between his running the site and participating in the crimes. Max didn’t have much trouble justifying the credit card fraud he was committing against the banks. He felt the lenders were incredibly greedy and unethical. He took solace in knowing that the consumers were only ever responsible for up to $50 of the total crime. As detailed in Chapter 12, Max decided to use a Bifrost Trojan horse program, that he tested against many different anti-malware programs to alter it to be able to avoid detection, to gain access to the other carders’ computers. He sent an email to the other carders, from the website Carder’sShow MoreRelatedBlack Males In America Often Suffer The Consequences Of1318 Words   |  6 PagesNative Son, in addition to having to pay for his heinous crime, Bigger is set with the downfall of being black. Max tells Bigger, â€Å"Your being black, as I told you before, makes it easy for them to single you out. Why do they do that?...They do that to black people more than others because they say that black people are inferior.† (Wright 326). 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(Hesse, Demian, 1989, p.54)   At the beginning, Max liberates Sinclair from potential ruin and later helps him to explore new possibilitiesRead MoreWolf of Wall Street3170 Words   |  13 Pagesthus dubbed him as the â€Å"Wolf of Wall Street†. * Jordan’s father Mad Max works for him in keeping his accounts. * Jordan was at first upset about being called the â€Å"Wolf on Wall Street† until his wife Teresa stated that at least it was publicity. * Donnie initially tries to stop Jordan from cheating on his wife Teresa with Naomi. * Jordan moves Naomi into his apartment and proposes. * Naomi hires a gay butler who stole $20,000 from his sock drawer. * Jordan has his bachelor partyRead More A Marxist Reading of Native Son Essay4809 Words   |  20 Pagesanimals would be: instinctive and survival based. When faced with danger, Bigger lashes out just as an animal would. 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Gov’t Paper Free Essays

People each have different personalities that others like and dislike about them. These individuals can be funny or serious; nice or a jerk; a talker or a listener. All this makes up a person and who they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Gov’t Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person’s personality is similar to a news program; sometimes they can be biased and unreliable; other times they are spot-on and trustworthy. Hardball and O’Reilly are both news programs that display their news differently. While both commentators give their opinions on the subjects, Chris Matthews pushes his opinion more than O’Reilly. During times where Matthews has guest speakers, he always tends to argue with the one that does not agree with his opinions; he pushes his ideas into his opponents’ head, not letting them express their thoughts. Even though he refuses to let one’s opinions out, Matthews allows the other, who agrees with him, to talk. In other words, he is hard-headed and believes his opinion is right. On one occasion, Jonathan Alters, gave his opinion about how the Republicans are attempting to woo the Latinos’ votes, Matthews shuts him up by talking over him, basically yelling. Alters looks as if he was about to burst into tears. On the other hand, O’Reilly tends to ask for his guest speakers’ view first, then adding his own. He actually allows them to finish their views, seeing their points out, instead of cutting them off. O’Reilly and Chris Matthews both have different perspectives in the topics that were discussed. O’Reilly leans towards the liberal side, while Matthews is a conservative. For example, O’Reilly notices how everything is based on race, and believes no one should be judged by that. However, it seems that Matthews only wants the Republicans to focus their targets on the white people and not Latinos. In one specific topic that both commentators discussed, the Zimmerman trial, it seems each were on one or the other sides. Chris Matthews argues that Zimmerman acted on self-defense, while O’Reilly gave both sides, but showed sympathy towards Trayvon Martin’s family. O’Reilly has more facts, making it seem like his show was a news’ show, while Hardball with Chris Matthews is all about argumentative opinions. O’Reilly adds statistics to show subjects and backs each topic with facts. For example, there was a segment about the Arizona forest fire that killed nineteen firefighters. O’Reilly gave facts like how the firefighter had contacted the headquarters, saying that they are using their heat shelters, which was the last resort. Then O’Reilly explains what these heat shelters are, a foil-like blanket that can protect the firefighters from the heat for a certain amount of time. Unlike O’Reilly, Matthews did not give facts, only his own opinions. During the Zimmerman trial segment, he only showed Mark Osterman taking the stand to defend his best friend. He then argues with the guest defense attorney, when she was explaining the harm that was inflicted on Zimmerman. It seems that O’Reilly is more genuine and actually cares about the public’s interest. At the end of his show, he had a tip of the day, giving feedback to the audience who sends him e-mails. Hardball had a serious attitude, while O’Reilly had a calm attitude. During Hardball’s segments, there was a lot of tension with the arguments. Also, his introduction had the serious music like it was life or death. In O’Reilly’s introduction, it had funny captions, and in his segments, he had a calm manner. While Chris Matthews attempted to add humor and jokes into his show, it was not understood. He used a blue cow reference, but some people do not know the meaning of it, so it proved to be ineffective to draw the audience in. However, in O’Reilly’s segments, the humor and jokes had a positive impact. After a serious discussion about the Zimmerman trial, to lighten the tension, Megyn Kelly and O’Reilly joked around. Megyn Kelly had given him a chocolate bar as her way of buying dinner. Then she explains that she is going on maternity leave until the fall, but O’Reilly jokingly said she won’t be back until next year. Both persons continue to banter back and forth, while the camera crew laughed in the background. This was of course not planned, making it actually humorous. There has been significant issues about race in political topics. In Fremont, Nebraska, the townspeople are frustrated with the undocumented immigrants obtaining jobs in the town. Since Fremont is a meat packaging town, these townspeople need the jobs that the immigrants are taking. These illegal immigrants are sending money back to their home country to their families, so Fremont does not profit from this. In an attempt to stop this, he townspeople want to banned the undocumented individuals from renting apartments and houses without proper documentations. According to U. S. District Judge Laurie Smith Camp, it is a discrimination to deny housing permits to those who were not in the country legally and it interferes with federal laws. However, the town counters back with a policy that requires businesses to use the federal E-ve rify software to check on the employees. Another topic discussed was how Republicans were trying to win the Latin American voters. The Republicans think that if they talk about the immigration reforms they will gain more voters. However, it was stated that no matter what, Latinos will most likely vote for Democrats even if immigration reforms were discussed by the Republicans. The most important topic discussed was the Zimmerman trial. When this first happened, people across the country defended Trayvon Martin, thinking that he was targeted for being a colored person and looking suspicious by wearing a black hoodie at night. Zimmerman was on the night watch around his neighborhood when these two ran into each other. A fight broke out, leading to Zimmerman pulling and shooting the gun at Martin. Zimmerman pled that he was acting in self-defense. All over the country, people even news station wanted Zimmerman to plead guilty to avoid race riots to occur. Nowadays, news delivery is on the decline of being trustworthy. Reporters, journalists, and those who deliver the news to the public now will spin the news to fit what the audience wants or to fit their own opinion. These people can twist a person’s opinion just by intensifying the language and speech. The audience will then notice, â€Å"Hey, they are using powerful words; this makes them sound smart so therefore correct. If the newscasters exude confidence and seem to â€Å"know what they are talking about†, they will have more followers. The public tends not to look for the credibility of the sources or even the sources themselves to see if they are reliable. Instead, the public will definitely look for superficial materials like the appearance of the person delivering the news, how the program looks, or if other people like it. If someone were to wear casual clothes, their credibility increases; also if the newscaster was attractive, people tend to listen to them. For example, people tune in to Anderson Cooper on CNN and practically worship the ground he walks, just because of his appearance. If the delivery of the news looks not well done, not all people will want to read or view it. People want professional, not something that someone can program in five minutes. An individual will also tend to get advice from their peers as to what to read or watch. For example, if a person trashed a news station to his or her friend, the friend will not want to get information from that news station. With that being said, nowadays, people judge the book by its cover and not by the information provided. Most news station are affiliated with a political party. For example Fox News, when taking politics will favor the Republican view while MNSBC will favor the Democratic view. With that being said, each will attract a different group of people who agree with that the news station has to say. This makes the shows heavily biased. What I’ve learned through these research sources, is that there are still racial conflicts throughout the United States. Watching the two news program, Hardball and O’Reilly, each segment had something to do with race and ethnics. Latinos are especially targeted, whether it is to win their votes or to get them out of â€Å"American† jobs. Even though, today there are still some segregation in the communities, people will band together to defend someone of different skin color. What I do not get is that if people will defend Trayvon Martin and not know what actually happened, why can’t they support the Latin Americans coming into America in search of an opportunity? I think people are just on the bandwagon. They think that supporting Trayvon Martin will make them look like the good guys, but in reality it just makes them look ignorant and stupid. I also learned that each news program is affiliated with a political party, making them biased and untrustworthy because they only address one side of the story. I know that they are just doing that to gain viewers, but if they just address both sides, there will be more educated people and not opinionated. I think the audience should also be aware of what is happening in our country right now. After watching these two shows, I am more aware of these topics. I never paid attention to the political topics and did not know how the Republicans were trying to woo the Latin American voters. My opinions on the two shows differ from each other. I absolutely could not stand watching Hardball. I think Chris Matthews is a hard-headed jerk. He does not think the other opinions matter but his. He yells at his guests when he is talking to them. I could not wait for it to end, and I nearly celebrated when it was over. On the other hand, I was more interested in O’Reilly just by how he represented the topics. He did it in a formally fashioned way; it felt like a conversation with some debates. I actually paid closer attention because of the humor and learned a few things along in the show. I felt that O’Reilly actually cared about the subjects because he gives both sides to the story. Both Hardball and O’Reilly display their information differently. These news shows are like a person’s personality; they express emotions and thoughts. Each individual has a different personality that makes them who they are. A personality can make someone like or dislike an individual. How to cite Gov’t Paper, Papers

Taxation Law Capital Gains and Losses

Question Discuss about theTaxation Lawfor Capital Gains and Losses. Answer: Introduction Part 1 of the Task Calculation of Freds net capital gain for the current year, assuming that he has got net capital loss from the previous year of $ 10, 000 arising from sale of shares This paper is about one Fred who is mentioned as a resident who made ascent to a contract in order to sell his home that was built in Blue Mountains at around the month of August the previous year. The sale of the home was completed early this year and the mentioned individual received a total cash of $ 800,000 from the purchaser (Chen 2012). It is also mentioned that a legal fees of $ 1100 that is inclusive of GST was incurred as well as the commission of real estate agent that was equally inclusive of GST at $9,900 in relation to the sale. It is also captured that, at around March 1987, Fred purchased the home that he sold the previous year for $ 100,000 and also offered an additional amount of $ 2,000 in stamp duty on the transfer. Other than the mentioned transactions in the month in context in 1987, there was also $ 1000 that was paid as legal fees to ascertain the homes security from the government. Towards 1990, a builder was engaged by Fred to build a garage within the same home vicinity at $ 20,000. Calculation of Freds net capital gain for the current year, and also assuming that he also incurred a net capital loss from the previous year of $ 10,000 that arose from both sales and shares (Faris 2003) Net capital gain is derived from capital gain, this particular area, is mainly concerned with increase in the value of capital for example, like in the question in context, there is a capital asset of a house of Fred (Kang et al 2010). For us to clearly understand the concept of capital gain, then the value of the capital asset must be of a higher value than the price of purchase. Since the question in context is pegged to net capital loss as well, it is vital for the concept of net capital loss or generally capital loss to be brought on board before any calculation. A capital loss is the sum of money that is incurred when there is depreciation in terms of the value of the capital asset in comparison to an assets purchase value (Karinga 2015). What this means is that, at the time of sale of a particular capital asset, the value to which it is sold or offered in the market is less than the value that was used when the asset in context was being purchased. On the same note, capital gains can be discussed to generally have an association with both funds and stock mainly because of inherent price volatility, just as mentioned previously; its occurrence can be on security that is sold for an amount of money that is higher than the purchase price that was given at the time of purchase (Kierulff et al 2015) Nevertheless, with reference to the lecture notes that we took in class, it is clearly mentioned under the provisions of the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936, section 24 AX, it is clearly mentioned that there are a number of guidelines and procedures to be followed or given considerations when in discussion of the subject (Kubtov 2009). The provision in context goes further to mention that through the concept of net capital gain, there is also the capital gain tax that is supposed to be made on the capital gain that is made on disposal of any asset or capital asset, except in some cases that are also provided for in the provisions under the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936. The widely discussed exception that can be made with regards to the CGT is mainly in that of family home but more details will be explained in the calculation part of the question in discussion. In the occurrence of calculating net capital gain, it is important to put into consideration a number of key points. The first point is on first confirming that the capital assets value is higher than the initial purchase value. For example, the case study in context outlines the value of the capital asset as $ 800,000 which is considered high based on the grounds that the initial purchase of the home of the home was $ 100,000 by March 1987. Another important key point that has to be brought on board is the total capital losses that also include net capital losses from the previous year. The final key consideration that should not be left out is on the CGT discount and any CGT concessions that one is entitled to (Kneeland 2005). Therefore, the total capital gains with regards to the year in context is $ 800,000, this is based on the capital asset. The capital gains of the current year will include subtraction of the legal fees that captured the GST and also the commission that was paid to the real estate agent. The final capital gain for the current year is will be $ 800, 000- ($ 1100+ $ 9,900) = $ 789,000. In the calculation of net capital gain for the current year, we will have to include all the expenses that were incurred and also bringing on board the capital loss. According to the case study in context, all the capital losses will include all the transactions that were done previously. They include the amount at which the capital asset was bought which was $ 100,000 and additional amounts of $ 2,000 which was paid for stamp duty on the transfer and $ 1, 000 legal fees. The mentioned subject also brings on board the expense that was incurred when building the garage (McElhany 2014). The expense estimate is estimated to be $ 20,000. Without the capital loss that was mentioned in the case study, first the deductions that will have to be included are as calculated, $ (100,000 + 2000 + 1000 + 20,000) = $ 123,000. When net capital loss is brought into picture, it can either be added to the previous sum results or we can apply either the CGT discount method or the indexation method to come up with the results (Mundstock 2013). In this case we will apply the CGT discount method which is as explained; Capital proceeds = $ 789,000 Less cost base= $123,000 Capital gain= $666,000 Less capital loss= $ 10,000 Net capital gain= $ 656,000 Part B of Question 1 Whether My Answer Would Show Difference if the Rose that Came Out from the Sale of an Antique Vase If the answer provided in the detailed part of the task above was from antique vase, there would be no difference because this was not going to terminate or affect figures and the provisions that provide for the capital gain and capital loss under ITAA of 1936 (Neumer 2005). Everything will remain constant, it is only the concept that will show slight difference but this cannot affect the overall meaning of the subject and the factual detailed information that has been offered above. Part B of the Task This part is about a case study on Fringe Benefit Tax which is abbreviated as FBT. A propriety Limited Company by the name Periwinkle is described as a bathtub manufacturer which offer sales on bathtubs directly to the public. On early May, the date being 1st 2015 to 31st March, the company in question provided a car to one of his employees. The person who was provided for the car is one Emma. This provision was made to her because she travels often and this was going to offer a relief to her (Ordower 2014). The case goes further to mention that the frequency to which Emma uses the car is not limited and this drives a point of unlimited use of the car. The car was purchased on the same date that was mentioned previously and the purchase price is estimated to be $ 33,000. This also includes the GST value. This second part goes further to outline that for the time period of 1st May 2015 to 31st March 2016, Emma had travelled a distance estimation of 10,000 kilometers with the car and have incurred total expenses of around $ 550 (Ordower 2013). This total also includes the GST just like the amount of money that was spent by the propriety company in purchasing the car. The amount of money mentioned was mainly used to cater for minor repair services that have been reimbursed by the company. A period of 10 days has also been mentioned when Emma was interstate and therefore allowing no use of the car at that time. At that time, the car was parked at the airport for annual repairs and this lasted for a five day period (Schwartz 2010). The case goes further to mention that, on 1st September 2015, Emma was provided with a loan of $ 500,000 by Periwinkle at an interest rate of about 4.4%. A break down on how the loan was spent was, Emma using $ 450,000 to purchase a holiday home and lending the remaining amount to her husband at an interest free rate to also purchase shares in Telstra (irok and Makov 2007). During the same year, there was purchase that was made by Emma where she purchased bathtub manufactured by the company in discussion at $ 1,300 (Smith 2015). Additional information is that the bathtub that was sold to Emma usually cost the company in context $ 700 to manufacture and then they sell it to the general public for $ 2,600. Advice to Periwinkle of its FBT consequences that are arising out of the information mentioned, covering calculations of any FBT liability for the year ending 31st March 2016 FBT is an abbreviation for Fringe Benefit Tax, it is an amount of money that is paid to an employee but not categorized as either salary or wages. The FBT legislations provide that that, this benefit is only provided with respect to employment. The same concept is also supported with the lecture notes offered in class, as some parts are in line with the question and applies directly. Just like the provisions of capital gains and capital loss, FBT is also found in the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1986, and this also captures the provisions of the FBT rate. In consideration that when a company offers an FBT to an employee, it is like a sacrifice on their part, I would offer the following advice. The first advice that I would offer is on the company to consider relieving some of the benefits offered to Emma or adopting certain provisions that will limit how these particular benefits are to be used (Stewart 2000). For example, the car provided to Emma, should majorly be put into use for purposes of duty and nothing else. This will reduce the many expenses that would come out as a result of repair to the propriety company in context. The other advice that I would offer is that, the company should consider selling its product at an equal measure of price. This is because; the bathtub that she purchased from the company was going for a regular price of $ 2,600 after being made by Periwinkle at $ 700. Emma who is an employee of the company ends up buying the bathtub at half the price that it is sold to the general public. The company should exercise equality and not offer certain products at an amount that may make them being categorized under FBT. The final advice in line with the context that I would offer to the company is for the company to consider relieving itself from incurring extra costs. For example, after buying the car to Emma, the company still went ahead to incur expenses of repair. An additional calculation of FBT liability is also added to offer support to the mentioned advices. FBT liability= Amount used for purchasing the car + the amount of repair), the loan offered is also to be included because Emma is entitled to repaying it. Therefore, FBT liability = $ (33,000 + 550) = $ 33550 + $ 500,000. The total amount of FBT liability= $ 533,550 How my answer would differ to (a) if Emma used $ 50, 000 to purchase shares herself instead of lending it to her husband My answer would differ at a great extent because the money lent to Emma to her husband is interest free. Should she use it to purchase shares then there are chances that she is going to earn interest from those particular shares. This will also have an automatic influence on the overall returns of the loan. This will cause the extra amount of money to undergo taxation and thereby increasing FBT liability. References Chen, Y.K., 2012. The Progressivity of the Malaysian Personal Income Tax System. Kajian Malaysia, 30(2), pp.27-43. Faris Jr, E.M., 2003. Capital Gains and Losses Subsequent to Corporate Liquidation. Wash. Lee L. Rev., 10, p.179. Kang, J., Pekkala, T., Polk, C. and Ribeiro, R.M. 2010, Stock prices under pressure: How tax and interest rates drive seasonal variation in expected returns. Karinga, E.N., 2015. The announcement effect of capital gains tax on stock performance at Nairobi securities exchange (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Kierulff, D.B.A., Mike Smith, A.S.A., Ruchaber, J.L., Thompson, J.W. and Jakosa, A., 2015.Quarterly Journal of the Business Valuation Committee of the American Society of Appraisers. Kneeland, H., 2005. The Field of Research in the Economics of the Home. J. HOME ECON., 17, p.15. Kubtov, K., 2009. Optimln zdanĆºnpÃ…â„ ¢ehled dosavadn teorie. ÄŒesk finanÄ n a Ä etn Ä asopis, Praha: Vysok kola eknomick v Praze, Ä , 3, pp.24-35. McElhany, M.L., 2014. World's Fair Photography Rights Protected. Mundstock, G., 2013. Tax Accounting Myths. U. MiAMi BUs. l. rev., 22, p.27. Neumer, S.M., 2005. Section 337" Property". Trading in Stocks during Liquidation: Income Tax: Corporate Distributions. Stanford Law Review, pp.970-976. Ordower, H., 2014. Schedularity in US income taxation and its effect on tax distribution. Ordower, H., 2013. Utopian Visions Toward a Grand Unified Global Income Tax. FlA. tAx rev., 14, p.361.. Schwartz, H.E., 2010. Tax Consequences of Receipt of Other-Than-Cash Consideration Having No Ascertainable Fair Market Value upon Sale or Exchange of a Capital Asset. UCLA L. Rev., 7, p.484. irok, J. and Makov, K., 2007. Theoretical Approaches to Measuring of the Tax progressiveness (with the practical application). In 2007 Labsi International Conference on Political Economy and Public Choice: Theory and Experiments. Smith, M., 2015. Pass-through Entities: A Tax Equivalent Method to Adjust the Cost of Equity. Business Valuation Review, 34(2), pp.57-69. Stewart, G., 2000. The Economics of the Family: A Suggested Course for the Department of Home Economics. J. HOME ECON., 2, pp.209-212.

Management Change and Innovation

Key issues in the case study There are a number of key issues that arise from the case of Nestle. One of the major issues that come up is the impact of mergers and acquisitions for large multinationals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Change and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of its growth Nestle chose to acquire more companies in order to make an impact in its global expansion especially in foreign markets. It struck big financial deals with companies like L’Oreal and Alcon Laboratories Inc and saw acquisition of the two companies. However, not all these big deals go well and in the case of Nestlà ©, L’Oreal was largely in debt and to some extent could have contributed to its financial woes. Another issue is the diversification of the market both in terms of products and market presence. These are seen as key factors in enhancing global expansion as well as profits. Nestle aimed at improving its finances through diversification as well as strategic acquisitions. It therefore made its presence in the U.S market through Alcon Laboratories Inc. It also diversified its products to include cosmetics through L’Oreal and pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products I addition to the original dairy products. This diversification could work for or against the company as it requires more resources on the part of the management. Organizational change is yet another key issue observed in this case. Nestle went through radical changes between the second world war to 1990’s all through to date.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These changes have come in many faces, for example in the outlook of the companies before 1980 and change in the management of the organization as well as the continuous restructuring. More issues on organ izational change will be brought up in the topics discussed below. Importance of innovation in regard to organizational change is also a key issue. Innovation in terms of technology as well as new markets cannot be overlooked. For long-term continuance of the organization innovation should be consistent with the firm’s objective. New technology and new markets should not be exclusively left be the centre stage of organizational change and growth. Changes in Nestle Nestle went through both the first-order and the second-order changes. First order change is the continuous and incremental change which may call for modifications in processes, structures or even systems; however, does not go into changing the basic strategy, core values of the organization and corporate identity. It is basically meant to sustain organizational order and continuity. Second-order change on the other hand is drastic, transformational and with far reaching implications on the core of the organization. It is aimed at changing the nature of the organization and not developing it. Nestle went through the second-order change in that it carried out activities that had an effect on the nature and strategy of the organization. Although the changes may not have been aimed at changing the nature of the organization entirely, it had far reaching implications. For example; a change in the strategy of global expansion and increase in financial gains saw nestle sail through several acquisitions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Change and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These acquisitions also meant that nestle was no longer an organization that was based on dairy products. Acquisition of Alcon Laboratories Inc and the cosmetic producers L’Oreal made a move to include cosmetics, pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products as part of nestle. Acquisition as a strategy of growth can also be cons idered as another example of second-order change. These changes effected before 1980 had far-reaching effects on Nestle and that is why they are considered as second-order change. Diversification or investment of Nestle into developing markets is another example of second-order change. Nestle diversified into developing markets not only to continue the organization but majorly increase the profits as well a change to include the organization into a cosmetic producer and supplier. This could also be traced back to when Nestle changed its strategy and started acquiring subsidiaries in foreign markets. Traditionally, Nestle used sales agents in countries that were outside its home market, but it later changed into having their presence in those foreign markets by acquiring some existing factories. Another example of second-order change evidenced in nestle is the transfer of several executive offices offshore to the U.S. this was instigated by the feeling of isolation in home offices, S witzerland and thus calling for the transfer. This move was aimed at increasing the efficiency of Nestle both in productivity and financial efficiency. The purchase of carnation in 1984 is also an example of second-order change after a number of failed acquisitions that left Nestle with many non-profitable and nonstrategic businesses. First-order change for Nestle is evidenced basically in the today’s Nestle in the period after 1990s. However, even before then Nestle sold most of its nonperforming and nonstrategic businesses.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was basically meant to keep the organization going forth despite the losses. Under the management of Brabeck-Letmathe is seen to be leaning more on the first-order change rather than second-order. This could be due to the past failures as a result of aggressive acquisition and needed for expansion. When the CEO insists on ensuring the longevity of the organization without necessarily dwelling on short-term profits then this is first order. The change according to him is also meant to be gradual and slow is evidence that nestle is going into first-order change. As a result, it has developed approaches like corporate growth and a â€Å"corporate culture† that will ensure that longevity and continuity. Incremental approach to change Incremental approach to change is arguably the most effective method of change. Brabeck-Letmathe has to some extend used incremental approach in implementing change. One of the ingredients used is identifying the strengths of the organization an d trying to come up with ways to improve. This does not only dwell in strengths but also in weaknesses, opportunities and threats and trying to work on them. Incremental approach to change is also focused and conscious. It ensures a slow injection of change and at the same time trying to maintain internal balancing. A focus on the long term goals of the organization without laying much effort on the short-term profit motives is one of the factors key to incremental approach to change. This ensures the continuity of the business without involving radical measures that could be more destructiveness to the organization. Brabeck-Letmathe has used two vital tools that steer this type of change. These are entrenching a corporate culture and mechanisms for corporate growth. This approach ensures that Nestle establishes strengths that are not easily swayed. This is made much better by the fact that the managers have been incorporated into that corporate culture. However, there are some aspe cts of Brabeck-Letmathe approach that do not concur with incremental approach to change. For instance the complete wipe out of the executives was too radical a move. However important it may be to have managers who are well entrenched in corporate culture, we cannot ignore the fact that there is a need to listen to people or employees before creating an organizational change. In addition, we cannot ignore the role of technology in incremental corporate approach. Brabeck-Letmathe appears reluctant in embracing technology which is instrumental to growth. Though he is right on not making it the central strategic pivot point of growth his reservations are uncalled for. Brabeck-Lameck does not value social preferencing as a key aspect of incremental approach. This could be a better approach in dealing with the change managers. He seems put and as already having structures that is necessary for change. Additionally, his measures are too qualitative to fit in incremental approach to change because; this approach majorly builds on measurable quantitative aspects that become its key limitation. Implications for change managers Change managers in Nestle should have acumen in coming with the approaches that can well meet the needs of nestle. One of the key issues in consideration is the need to ensure longevity and continued existence of Nestle regardless of short operating profits. Another challenge lies with the fact that Nestle is a multinational company that has over 80 factories in different countries. This calls for efficiency and increased productivity. This increased efficiency and productivity should ensure that it doesn’t use measures that are too radical that could plunge Nestle into another financial difficulty. Restructuring process is another possible source of implication for change managers. It is costly ($300 million yearly) and a slow process that requires a lot of patience. Nestle management may have reacted to the need to sustain the longevity of Nestle by identifying factors that threatened its efficiency. For instance dropping out all non-profitable acquisitions as well as concentrating efforts on one line of products, probably dairy products. Change managers should also focus on ensuring that all the 80 factories are productive to avoid a scenario where they are servicing unproductive outlets. Therefore monitoring and evaluation should be done using the yardsticks of long-term goals of the company. In the quest of bringing change and restructuring, they should be careful to avoid strategies that may eat into company’s growth in the long run, as in the case of prior acquisitions. A similar challenge could be easily brought up by overemphasis on technology at the expense of sustainable growth. It is also beneficial for the change managers to come up with restructuring strategies that are less costly Three examples of lessons from the front line of Nestle case and possible solutions Three issues come up from the fr ontline of this study case. One of the major issues is the numerous sub branches of Nestlà © and the impact of aggressive acquisitions and mergers to penetrate foreign markets. Another subject of discussion is the diversification of products as varied as chocolate, milk products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The third aspect is long-term performance or longevity of an organization Vis a Vis the short-term profit performance. Nestle just like many other big organizations used acquisition approach as a vehicle to global expansion and productivity. However, they did not consider the factors behind the deal or the financial position of the subsidiary company. This led to financial problems that saw its bad days kick in just like many other huge deals. Secondly, the need to diversify into many other foreign markets and with new products is likely to cause diseconomies in terms of management and finances. It is important for managers to weigh these implications and put structur es to deal with them before hand. Finally, many organizations and managers tend to overlook the long-term being and prefer high short term profits using very aggressive second-order approaches with great economic implications. This case study on Management Change and Innovation was written and submitted by user Cailyn Lee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Management change and innovation Every organization needs positive change at one time or the other since it is inevitable. However it is natural for people within an organization to resist change. They will not readily accept new procedures that may be introduced and are ready to frustrate the management efforts in an attempt to maintain their status quo.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management change and innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every organization has to be creative in order to remain relevant and competitive in the market as observed by Karp. This was evidence in the coca cola case as they were forced to change by the trends that affected their business in a negative way. Karp provides some statements which he argues that they constitute â€Å"creative counters† to resist change. In the case of Coca Cola Company, they had to apply innovation as well as change in their product development so as to cater for the requ ired health standards in the market in regards to their products. Coca Cola management had to provide sufficient leadership in their organization so as to recognize their business as one dedicated to health of their customers. This was one way of influencing people’s perceptions in regards to Coca Cola products bearing in mind that it would be the key determinant on how they would respond to the proposed change. The management at Coca Cola had to undertake some mental imagery in developing its new products that is, by partnering with Nestle (a Swiss company) in order to produce a drink that is tea based. In order to achieve this, they had to visualize the task they were undertaking in terms of success and not failure. The main challenge in this case was how Coca Cola would develop an acceptable process by all their employees. In addition, the company would be obliged to assess the impact of change on its employees. This would be one of the most gainful ways of introducing cha nge into the company with minimal side effects. How to deal with resistance and management responses A great deal of attention should be given to the way recipients view change. Hence, much of the focus should be geared towards the techniques used so that company employees may reframe their minds and accept change in a positive way. Partnership is a form of strength in achieving change in an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the numerous ways employees in an organization may come up with excuses such as ‘we have always done it this way’, it is up to management to remain firm and steadfast for any positive development to take place. To achieve success in the implementation of a certain task, there is a need for clearly spelt-out rules. For instance, Coca Cola was relying on the expertise of Nestle Company so as to produce a product that was he althy to the market. This was achieved by well defined rules and also by forging a sustainable partnership. Managers should not assume that resistance of change is purely an artifact of misconception by recipients of change. It is imperative to note that the effective self- regulation of cognitions can be learned or developed in an organizational setting. For example, an individual’s pattern of negative thinking can be altered. This can only be possible by provision of clear instructions. However, Abraham in his prescription of managing resistance emphasized on the detrimental effects of fatigue. He argued that techniques to be used should help people reframe a situation more positively. In the case of Coca Cola, they still use the image of youth, passion and action in their company. To recap it all, it is vital to mention that resistance should be appreciated and dealt with in a sober way. The Maurer’s fundamentals of success to change should be used. This essay on Management change and innovation was written and submitted by user EdwardF0rrester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.